Etymologiadata:Uralic Core Vocabulary
The following is a working reference list of the most widespread Proto-Uralic vocabulary, found in at least six out of the nine basic groups.
Conventions
PU reconstructions are tentative by JP (details of the phonological reconstruction of PU would be out of scope; particularly difficult cases are indicated by a hash # rather than an asterisk *). Detailed referencing is not given here and will be built later on into the etymological database proper; cf. my list of Proto-Uralic etymologies proposed or improved after UEW however.
From each language group, a reconstruction and distribution in the main varieties is given, possibly with a rough gloss for semantically divergent reflexes.
- Samic: Southern, Ume, Pite, Lule, Northern, Inari, Skolt, Kildin, Ter (i.e. poorly attested Akkala and Kemi Sami are ignored).
- Reconstruction and distribution per Lehtiranta (1989/2001).
- Finnic: South Estonian, Livonian, (North) Estonian, Votic, Finnish, Karelian, Veps (for now Ingrian folded in with Finnish, Olonetsian with Karelian, Ludian with Veps).
- Reconstruction and distribution per Kallio (this database).
- Mordvinic: Erzya and Moksha (further detail would be possible).
- Reconstruction broadly from Keresztes (1986). Distribution mainly per UEW, occasionally checked with MWB.
- Mari: Hill Mari and Meadow Mari (further detail would be possible).
- Consonantism broadly from Bereczki (1992), vocalism per Aikio (2014) JoLR. Distribution mainly per UEW.
- Permic: Udmurt, Komi-Zyrian, Komi-Permyak, Komi-Jazva (further detail on U dialects would be possible).
- Reconstruction perhaps closest to Metsäranta (2020). Unclear cases give instead the (Proto-)Udmurt and (Proto-)Komi vowels, separated by a slash. Distribution after UEW, Komi varieties occasionally checked with Uotila (1942).
- Hungarian: standard written form, no varieties distinguished. A dagger † marks words lost from modern Hungarian.
- Mansi: Southern, Western, Eastern, Northern.
- Distribution mainly per Honti (1982) and UEW. Has not been checked with either Kálmán (1986) or Eiras & Moisio (2013).
- Khanty: Vakh-Vasyugan, Surgut (Tremjugan-Jugan), Southern (Irtysh), Northern.
- Distribution mainly per Honti (1982) and DEWOS; the latter has not been fully cross-checked.
- Samoyedic: Selkup, Kamassian(-Koibal), Mator, Nenets, Enets, Nganasan.
- Reconstruction and distribution per JP's own unpublished database, though most cases are covered adequately by Janhunen (1977).
List
*V-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *adə- 'to sleep' | *oaðē- S U P L N I S K T |
? *voodëk 'bed' - L E - F - - |
Er Mk | - | - | alszik | S - - - | … | - | UEW: (FU) *oδa- HPUL: PFU *odå- |
| *adə-ma 'sleep' | - | - | ? *odəmə Er Mk |
*om(ə) Hi Me |
U Z P J | álom | S W E N | V S S N | - | UEW: (FU) *oδa-mɜ HPUL: PFU *ålmå |
| *aśkəl 'step' | - | *askël S - E - F K - |
*aśkəľa- Er Mk |
Hi Me | U Z P J | - | … | - | *asəl- 'step over' S K - - - - |
UEW: (U) *aśke-lɜ HPUL: PFU *åśki/åli |
| *e- 'negat. verb' | *e- | UEW: (U) *e-, *ä- HPUL: N/A | ||||||||
| *elä- 'to live' | *ealē- S U P L N I S K T |
*elä- S L E V F K V |
? *eŕa- Er Mk |
Hi Me | U Z P J | él | … | … | *(j)elä- S K - N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *elä- HPUL: PU *elä- |
| *enä 'big' | *eanē 'much' S U P L N I S K T |
*enä S L E V F K V |
Er Mk | - | U Z P J | - | S W E N | … | *enä 'older brother' S - - N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *enä HPUL: PFU *e/inä |
| #ewjə 'night' | *ījə S U P L N I - K T |
*öö S L E V F K V |
*ve Er Mk |
- | *oj U Z P J |
éj | ? *jiɣ S W E - |
*jĕj V - - - |
- | UEW: (FU) *eje (*üje) HPUL: PFU *üji |
| *ëkta- 'to put up' | *vōktē- S - - - - - - - - |
*akta- S - E V F K V |
Er Mk | *opte- Hi Me |
- Z - - | - | - | *i̮ɣət- V S S N |
*i̮tå- S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (FU) *akta- HPUL: PU *ɨktå- |
| *ëla 'down, under' | *vōlē S U P L N I S K T |
*ala S L E V F K V |
Er Mk | Hi Me | U Z P J | al | *jal- S W E N |
… | *i̮lə S K - N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *ala HPUL: PU *ɨlå |
| #ëńa 'aunt' | *oańē - - - - - -K T |
- | *ańa Er Mk |
- | … | ángy | … | … | … | UEW: (U) *ańa HPUL: PFU *åńå |
| *ëppə 'father- in-law' |
*vōppə S U P L N I S K T |
*appi - - - - F K V |
- | *oβə Hi ?Me |
- | ipa | *up S - E N |
*up - S S N |
… | UEW: (FU) *appe HPUL: PU *ɨppɨ |
| *ëptə 'hair' | *vōptə S U P L N I S K T |
*hapci - L - - F - - |
- | Hi Me | - | - | *e̮e̮tə S W E N |
*apət V S S N |
*e̮ptə S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *apte HPUL: PU *ɨptɨ |
| *(ń)imə- 'to suck' | *ńəmə- S U P L N I S K T |
*ime- S L E V F K V |
- | - | ńimav- - - P - |
†emik | - | *ä̆m- V S S - |
*ńim- S K M N - Ng |
UEW: (U) *ime- HPUL: PU *imi- |
| *ićä 'father; big' | UEW: (U) *ićä HPUL: PFU *iśä Possibly ← II *__. | |||||||||
| *ipsV '(to) smell' | UEW: (U) *ipɜ-sɜ HPUL: PU *ipsi | |||||||||
| *omtə 'cavity' | UEW: (FU) *omte HPUL: PFU *omti | |||||||||
| *oŋə 'mouth' | UEW: (U) *aŋe HPUL: PFU *åŋi | |||||||||
| *ora(-pa) 'squirrel' | UEW: (FP ?) *ora HPUL: PFP *ora | |||||||||
| *ujə- 'to swim' | UEW: (U) *uje-, *oje- HPUL: PU *uxi- | |||||||||
| *ulkə 'pole' | UEW: (FU) *ulke HPUL: PU *ulɨ | |||||||||
| *üćä 'small' | UEW: (FP ?FU) *üćä HPUL: – | |||||||||
| #üwä 'belt' | UEW: (FU ?U) *wüŋä HPUL: PU ?*üxji |
*č- *ď-
Two noticably rare phonemes in well-distributed PU vocabulary word-initially.
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *čaŋa- 'to hit' | *cāŋmē- S U P L N I S K T |
- | *čav- Er Mk |
*čåŋe- Hi Me |
- | - | *še̮e̮ŋqʷ- S W E N |
*čɔŋq- V S S N |
*čåŋå- - K - N E - |
UEW: (FU) *čaŋɜ- HPUL: – |
| *ďëmə 'bird cherry' | *θōmə S - - - N I S K T |
*toomi S L E V F K V |
ľom ~ lajmä Er Mk |
*lombə Hi Me |
*ľȯm U Z - J |
- | *ľe̮e̮mə S W E N |
*jɔm V S S N |
*je̮m S K - - - - |
UEW: (U) *δ́e̮me (*δ́ōme) HPUL: PU *ďɨxmɨ |
*j-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *jäŋə 'ice' | *jēŋə S U P L N I S K T |
*jää S L E V F K V |
*(j)äŋ Er Mk |
Hi Me | *jȯ U Z P J |
jég | *jääŋkə S W E N |
*jä̆ŋk V S S N |
? *jåŋkå 'ice hole' S - - N E Ng |
UEW: (FU) *jäŋe HPUL: PFU *jäŋi |
| *jećə 'soul' | *jēćə 'self' S U P L N I S K T |
*isek ~ *iccek 'self' S L E V F K V |
*eś Er Mk |
Hi Me | *ać- U Z P J |
†ísz | *is S W E N |
*is - S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *iće, *iśe HPUL: PFU *i/iiś/ći |
| *jëka- 'to divide' | *jōkē- S U P L N I S K T |
*jaka- S L E V F K V |
*jav- Er Mk |
- | *juki̮- U Z P J |
- | *jaq-tət - - E - |
*ji̮ɣLi̮-, *jəqaj V S S N |
*jəkə- S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *jaka- HPUL: PFP *jëka- |
| *jëxə- 'to drink' | *jūkə- S U P L N I S K T |
*joo- S L E V F K V |
- | Hi Me | U Z P J | íszik | *äj- S W E N |
- | *ë- S - M N E - |
UEW: (FU) juγe- HPUL: PFU *juxi- |
| *joŋsə 'bow' | *jōksə S U P L N I S K T |
*jousi - - - - F K - |
*joŋs Er Mk |
Hi Me | - | íj | *jaaɣt S W E N |
*jăɣəL V S S N |
*jïntə S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *joŋsɜ HPUL: PU *jɨŋsɨ |
| *joŋćə 'swan' | *ńūkćə S U P L N I S K T |
*jouc̆cën S - E - F K V |
*lokśəj Er Mk |
Hi Me | *juś(k-) U Z P J |
- | †josch | - | ? *jëŋkV … |
UEW: (FP ?FU) joŋkće HPUL: PFP *ńokśi |
*k-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *kaďa- 'to leave' | *kōðē- - U P L N I S K T |
*kato- S L E V F K V |
*kad- Er Mk |
*koδa/e- Hi Me |
*ki̮/oľi̮- U Z P J |
hagy | *qooľ- S W E N |
*qïïj- V S S N |
*kåjä- S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *kaδ́a- HPUL: PU *kåďå- |
| *kajwa- 'to dig' | *koajvō- S U P L N I S K T |
*kaiva- S L E V F K V |
*kajmə Er Mk |
*koe- Hi Me |
*koji̮- 'throw' U Z P - |
hajít 'to throw' |
- | - | *kajwå 'spade' - K - N E Ng |
UEW: (FP ?U) *kojwa- HPUL: PFP *ka/ojwa- |
| *kala 'fish' | *kōlē S U P L N I S K T |
*kala S L E V F K V |
*kalə Er Mk |
Hi Me | - | hal | *qool S W E N |
*quuL V S S N |
*kålä S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *kala HPUL: PU *kålå |
| *kalə- 'to die' | ? *koalō- 'to freeze' S U P L N - - - - |
*koolë- S L E V F K V |
*kulə- Er Mk |
*kole- Hi Me |
*kuli̮- U Z P J |
hal | *qaal(a)- S W E N |
*qəLa- V S S N |
*kåə- S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *kola- HPUL: PU *kåxlɨ- |
| *kama 'crust' | - | *kamara S L E - F - - |
- | *kom Hi Me |
*komeľ U Z - J |
hámlik 'to peel' |
- W E - | - | *kamə 'scale' - K M N - Ng |
UEW: (U) *kama HPUL: PFU *kåmå |
| *kan-ta- 'to carry' | *kōntē- S U P L N I S K T |
*kanta- S L E V F K V |
*kand- Er Mk |
Hi Me | - | - | *qoont- S W E N |
*qaantəm- V S S N |
*kåntå- S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *kanta HPUL: PU *kånɨ- |
| *karə 'bark' | *koarē 'ice crust' - - - L - - - - - |
*koori S L E V F K V |
*kaŕ Er Mk |
- | ki̮rś - Z - - |
- | *qurp - - E N |
*qurəp *qərV - - S N |
*kar S - - N - - |
UEW: (FW ?FU) *kōre HPUL: |
| *käjä 'moth' | UEW: (FU) *koje, *koja HPUL: – | |||||||||
| *kälä- 'to wade' | UEW: (FU) *kälä- HPUL: PFU *kälä- 'rise' | |||||||||
| *kälə 'tongue' | UEW: (U) *kēle HPUL: PU *käxli | |||||||||
| *käləw 'sister-in-law' | UEW: (FU ?U) *kälɜ-wɜ HPUL: PU *käläw | |||||||||
| *kärə- 'to wrap' | UEW: (FU) *kärɜ- HPUL: – | |||||||||
| *kätə 'hand' | UEW: (FU) *käte HPUL: PFU *käti | |||||||||
| *käwdə 'rope' | UEW: (FU) *kälɜ HPUL: PFU *käwdi | |||||||||
| *keččä 'ring' | UEW: (FU) *kečä HPUL: PFP *keččä 'sun' | |||||||||
| *këččə 'bitter' | UEW: (FP ?FU) *kačke HPUL: PFP *kač(č?)V | |||||||||
| *kerə 'bark' | UEW: (FU) *kere HPUL: PFP *keri/ä | |||||||||
| #kira- 'to curse' | UEW: (FU) *kurɜ HPUL: PFU *kirå- | |||||||||
| #kiśkä- 'to rip' | UEW: (FW ?FU) *kiśkɜ- HPUL: PFP *kiśka- | |||||||||
| *kiwə 'stone' | UEW: (FU) *kiwe HPUL: PFU *kiwi | |||||||||
| *kixə- 'to rut' | UEW: (FU) *kȣ̈jγe- HPUL: PFU *kixi- | |||||||||
| *kojə 'male' | UEW: (U) *koje HPUL: PFU *koji | |||||||||
| *kojə-ra 'male animal' | UEW: (U) *koj-ra (*koje-ra) HPUL: PFU *koji | |||||||||
| *kolV 'hole' | UEW: (FU) *kolɜ HPUL: | |||||||||
| *kompa 'wave' | UEW: (U) *kumpa HPUL: PU *kompå | |||||||||
| #kormə 'three' | UEW: (FU) *kolme (*kulme) HPUL: PFU *kolmi | |||||||||
| *kośkə 'dry' | UEW: (U) *kuśka (*kośka) HPUL: PU *kośkɨ- | |||||||||
| *kota 'house' | UEW: (FU) *kota HPUL: PFU *kotå | |||||||||
| #kowlə- 'to hear' | UEW: (FU ?U) *kule- HPUL: PFU *kuuli- | |||||||||
| #kowtə 'six' | UEW: (FU) *kutte HPUL: PFU *ku/o/uutt/ti | |||||||||
| *kowsə 'spruce' | UEW: (U) *kuse, *kose HPUL: PU *kåxsi | |||||||||
| *ku- 'who' | UEW: (U) *ku-, *ko- HPUL: N/A | |||||||||
| *kulkə- 'to go' | UEW: (U) *kulke- HPUL: PFU *kulki- | |||||||||
| *kulə- 'to run out' | UEW: (FU) *kulɜ- HPUL: PFU *kuli- | |||||||||
| *kuma 'turned over' | UEW: (U) *kuma HPUL: PU *kumå | |||||||||
| *kuńa- 'to blink' | UEW: (U) *kuńa- HPUL: PU *kuńå- | |||||||||
| *kuńćə(-) '(to) pee' | UEW: (U) *kuńće, *kuće HPUL: PU *kunśi- | |||||||||
| *küjə(-wä) 'snake' | UEW: (U) *küje HPUL: PFU *küji | |||||||||
| *künčə 'fingernail' | UEW: (FU ?U) *künče, *küče HPUL: PFU *künči | |||||||||
| *küńä(-rä) 'elbow' | UEW: (FU) *küńä, *künä HPUL: PFU *künärä | |||||||||
| *kütkə- 'to tie' | UEW: (FU) *kütke- HPUL: PFU *kütki- | |||||||||
| *kakta ~ *kettä 'two' | UEW: (FU ?U) *kakta, *käktä HPUL: PU *kektä |
*l-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *laśkV- 'to let go' | *lōśtē- S U P L N I S K T |
*laskë- S L E V F K V |
*laśkə- 'to run' Er Mk |
- | ? *leʒ́i̮- U Z P J |
- | *laas→ - - - N |
*ḷas→ V S - N |
- | UEW: (FU) *laćke-, *laśke- HPUL: – |
| *läktə- 'to leave' | *lēktə- - - - - - - S K T |
*läkte- S L E V F K V |
*ľixťə- Er Mk |
*lektä- Hi Me |
*li̮/ɔkti̮- U Z P J |
- | - | *lüɣət- V S S - |
- | UEW: (FU) *läkte- HPUL: PFP *läkti- |
| *lämə 'broth' | *lēmə S U P L N I S K T |
*leemi S L E V F K V |
*ľäm Er Mk |
*lem Hi Me |
*li̮m U - - - |
lé : lev- | *läämə S W E N |
- | *jäm - - - N - Ng |
UEW: (FU) *lēme HPUL: PFU *leemi |
| #läpdä 'spleen' | *θāpðē S U P L N I S K T |
- | - | *lep(ə) Hi Me |
*lɔp U Z - J |
lép | - | *Lä̆pətne - S - N |
? Cebe - - M ? - - |
UEW: (U) *läppɜ (*δäppɜ) HPUL: PFP *däpd/ppä |
| *läppä 'cover' | *(s)leappē S U P L N I - - - |
*läppä - - - - F K - |
- | *leβeðä- 'to cover' Hi Me |
UEW: (FU) *läppɜ HPUL: – | |||||
| *lewlə 'breath, soul' | *lēvlə 'steam' - - - - N I - - - |
*leülü - L E V F K V |
- | - | *lol U Z P J |
lélëk | *lil(ə) S W E N |
*liL V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *lewlɜ HPUL: PFU *lewli |
| #linta 'goose' | *lontē S U P L N I S K T |
? *lintu 'bird' S L E V F K V |
- | *lŭðə Hi Me |
- | lúd | *loontə S W E N |
*lɔnt V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *lunta HPUL: PFU *luntå (UEW: (?FU) *linta HPUL: –) |
| *lomə 'snow' | *lomə S - - - - - - - - |
*lumi S L E V F K V |
*loŋ Er Mk |
*lŭm Hi Me |
*li̮mi̮ U Z P J |
†lom | - | - | *jom- 'to snow' S - - N - Ng |
UEW: (FP ?FU) *lume HPUL: PU *lomi |
| #loŋə- 'to throw' | *loŋō- 'to rise' S U P L - I - K T |
*loo-¹ S L E V F K V |
*ľijə- Er Mk |
*loŋa- Hi Me |
U Z - J | lóg | - | - | - | UEW: (FU) *loŋe- HPUL: – |
| *lo/ëwə 'bone' | - | *luu S L E V F K V |
*lovaža Er Mk |
*lu Er Mk |
U Z - J | - | *luw - W E N |
*lŏw V S S N |
*le̮ S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *luwe HPUL: PU *lɨxɨ |
*m-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *marja 'berry' | *mōrjē S U P L N I S K T |
*marja S L E V F K V |
*maŕ Er Mk |
*mür(ə) Hi Me |
- | - | … | ? *murəp … |
- | UEW: (FW ?FU) *marja HPUL: – |
| *mälə 'mind' | *mēlə S U P L N I S K T |
*meeli S L E V F K V |
*mäľ Er Mk |
- | *mi̮l U Z P J |
- | *määlećl- S W E N |
*mäL- V S S N |
- | UEW: (FP) *mēle HPUL: PFP *meeli (UEW: (FU) mälɜ- HPUL: –) |
| *mälxə 'breast' | *mēlkə S U P L N I S K T |
? *mälvi S - - - F K - |
*mäľkə Er Mk |
*mel Hi Me |
mi̮l U - - - |
mell | *määɣlə S W E N |
*mä̆ɣəL V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *mälke (*mälγe) HPUL: PFU *mälki |
| *menə- 'to go' | *mənə- S U P L N I S K T |
*mene- S - E V F K V |
? … | *mije- Hi Me |
*mi̮/uni̮- U Z P J |
mëgy | *min- S W E N |
*mĕn- V S S N |
*men- S K M N - Ng |
UEW: (U) *mene- HPUL: PU *meni- |
| *mexə- 'to sell' | *mēkə- - - - - - - S K T |
*möö- S L E V F K V |
*mij- Er Mk |
- | *med 'loan' U Z - - |
- | *mi- : *mäj- S W E N |
- | *mi- S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *miγe- HPUL: PU *mexi- |
| *mëksa 'liver' | *mōksē S U - - - - - - - |
*maksa S L E V F K V |
*maksə Er Mk |
*moks Hi Me |
U Z P J | máj | *me̮e̮jt S W E N |
*muʁəL V S S N |
*mi̮tə S K - N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *maksa HPUL: PU *mɨkså |
| *mi- 'what' | *mi S U P L N I S K T |
*mi→ S L E V F K V |
*me→ Er Mk |
? *må Hi Me |
… | mi | *mä→ S W E N |
… | … | UEW: (U) *mɜ HPUL: N/A |
| *minä 'I' | *mon S U P L N I S K T |
*minä S L E V F K V |
*mon Er Mk |
Hi Me | *men U Z P J |
? én | ? *äm S W E N |
*mä V ? S N |
*mə̈n S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) mȣ̈ HPUL: N/A |
| *mińä 'daughter-in-law' | *məńē S U P L N I S K T |
*minijä S L E V F K V |
- | - | *meń U Z P J |
mëny | *mäńə S W E N |
*mä̆ń V S S N |
*mäńä S K M N - Ng |
UEW: (U) *mińä HPUL: PU *mińä |
| *miŋä 'behind' | *məŋē S U P L N I S K T |
*möö→ S L E V F K V |
*mejə- Er Mk |
Hi Me | - Z P - | mëg, mögött |
*mänt→ - W E - |
- | - | UEW: (FU) *müŋä HPUL: PFU *müŋä- |
| *mośkə- 'to wash' | - | *moskë- S - - - - - |
*muśk- Er Mk |
*mŭška- Hi Me |
*mi̮śki̮- U Z - J |
mos | - | - | *måsə- - K M N E - |
UEW: (U) *muśke- (*mośke-) HPUL: PU *mośkɨ- |
| *mu 'other' | *mumpē 'second' S U P L N I S K T |
*muu S L E V F K - |
- | *molə Hi Me |
*mi̮/ȯd U Z P J |
más | *maatə, *me̮e̮tə S W E N |
? … | - | UEW: (FU) *mu HPUL: N/A |
| *muna 'egg; testicle' | *monē S U P L N I S K T |
*muna S L E V F K V |
*mona Er Mk |
*mŭnə Hi Me |
- | mon | *man S W E N |
*măṇ V S S N |
*mənå S K - - E Ng |
UEW: (U) *muna HPUL: PU *munå |
*n-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *näjə(→) 'woman, girl' | *nējtə S U P L N I S K T |
*näit-oi S L E V F K V |
*ńi 'lady' Er - |
- | *ni̮l U Z P - |
- | *nääjə S W E N |
*näj V S S - |
*nä S - - N E - |
UEW: (FU) *naje HPUL: PU *näxi |
| *närə 'nose' | *nērə 'chin' S U P L N I S K T |
- | *ńäŕ Er Mk |
*nir Hi Me |
*ni̮r U Z P J |
- | - | ńir 'peninsula' V - - - |
*ńärə 'end' S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *nēre HPUL: PFP *neeri 'cheek' |
| *näkə- 'to see' | *nēkə(-) 'dream' S U P L N I S K T |
*näke- S L E V F K V |
*ńäjə- Er Mk |
- | naal- U - - - |
néz | *neeɣl- S W E N |
*ni(ɣ)- - S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *näke- HPUL: PFU *näki- |
| *neljä 'four' | *nealjē S U P L N I S K T |
*neljä S L E V F K V |
*ńilə Er Mk |
*nĭl Hi Me |
*ni̮/oľ U Z P J |
négy | *niľii S W E N |
*nĕLä V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *ńeljä (*neljä) HPUL: PFU *ńeljä |
| *nimə 'name' | *nĭmə S U P L N I S K T |
*nimi S L E V F K V |
*ľem Er Mk |
*lü̆m Hi Me |
*ńim U Z P J |
név | *nämə S W E N |
*nä̆m V S S N |
*nim S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *nime HPUL: PU *nimi |
| *no 'those' | *noo S - E - F K - |
*nonat Er Mk |
- | - | - | UEW: (FW ?U) *no HPUL: N/A | ||||
| *nüdə 'handle' | *nĭðə S U P L N - S K - |
*nüci ? - E V F K - |
*ńeď Er Mk |
- | - | nyél | *nälə S W E N |
*nö̆L V S S N |
*nir S K - N - Ng |
UEW: (U) *nüδe HPUL: PU *nüdi 'shaft' |
*ń-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ńalə- 'to lick' | *ńoalō- S U P L N I S K T |
*noolë- S L E V F K V |
*nola- Er Mk |
*nŭle- Hi Me |
*ńuli̮- U Z P J |
nyal | *ńalaamt- S W E N |
*ńəLa- V S S N |
*ńå(ə)- S K - N - Ng |
UEW: (U) *ńōle- HPUL: PU *ńåxlɨ- |
| *ńëkćəmV 'gills' | *ńōkćəmV 'tongue' S U P L N I S K T |
- | - | *nåšmə Hi Me |
*ńo/ȯkćim - Z - - |
- | *ńe̮e̮qćəm - W E N |
*ńa(ŋ)qćəm - - S N |
… | UEW: (U) *ńaŋkće HPUL: PFU *ńɨkćimi |
| *ńëlə 'arrow' | *ńōlə S U P L N I S K T |
*nooli S L E - F K V |
*nal Er Mk |
nölö Hi - |
*ńȯl U Z P J |
nyíl | *ńe̮e̮lə S W E N |
*ńaL V S S N |
*ńe̮j S K M N E - |
UEW: (U) *ńe̮le (*ńōle) HPUL: PU *ńɨxlɨ |
| *ńërə, *ńër-ka 'cartilage' | *ńōrkēs - - - L N I - K - |
- | *nar - Mk |
*nürɣə Hi Me |
- | †nyír | *ńe̮e̮rəɣ S W E N |
*ńarəɣ/q V S S N |
*ńe̮r S - - N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *ńe̮rkɜ (*ńōrke) HPUL: PFU *ńɨrki |
| *ńälmä 'tongue' | *ńālmē 'mouth' S U P L N I S K T |
- | - | *jĭlmə Hi Me |
- | nyelv | *ńeeləm S W E N |
*ńäLəm V S S N |
? ńā°ḿū - - - N - |
UEW: (FU) *ńälmä HPUL: PFU *ńelmä |
| *ńälə- 'to swallow' | *ńēlə- S U P L N I S K T |
*neele- S L E V F K - |
*ńiľə- Er Mk |
*nelä- Hi Me |
*ńi̮li̮- U Z P J |
nyel | *ńäält- S W E - |
*ńä̆L- V S S N |
? *ńaltå- - - - N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *ńēle- HPUL: PFU *ńeeli- |
*p-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *pala 'bit' | *pōlē 'block' - - - - - I S - T |
*pala S L E V F K V |
Er Mk | - | - | fal 'to eat' |
… S W E N |
… V … S N |
*pålä- 'to swallow' S K - N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *pala HPUL: PU *pålå- 'bite' |
| *panča- 'to open' | - | UEW: (FU) *panče-, *pače- HPUL: PFU *påncå 'naked, open' | ||||||||
| *parəwə 'raft' | *parvi | UEW: (?U) *parɜ, *porɜ HPUL: PFU ?*poråwå | ||||||||
| *pata 'pot' | - | *pata S L E V F K V |
- | Hi Me | - | fazék | S W - - | V … S N | *patV- 'put in pot' S K - N E Ng |
UEW: (FU) *pata HPUL: PFU *påtå |
| *päjə 'shining'?' | *päivä | ? fehér 'white' |
UEW: (?FU) *päjwä HPUL: PU *päjwä UEW: (?FU) *päjä HPUL: – UEW: (?FU) *päjɜ HPUL: – | |||||||
| *pälä 'half' | *pealē S U P L N I S K T |
*pooli S L E V F K V |
*päľə Er Mk |
*pelə Hi Me |
U Z P J | fél | S W E N | … | *pälä S K M N E Ng |
UEW: (U) *pälä HPUL: PU *pälä |
| *päŋə 'head' | *pää | UEW: (U) *päŋe HPUL: PFU *päŋi | ||||||||
| *pečä 'pine' | *petägä | UEW: (FP) *pečä, *penčä HPUL: PFP *pečä | ||||||||
| *pelə- 'to fear' | *pelkä-idä- | UEW: (U) *pele- HPUL: PU *peli- | ||||||||
| *peljä 'ear' | - | UEW: (FU) *peljä HPUL: PFU *peljä | ||||||||
| *penä 'dog' | *peni | UEW: (FP ?FU) *pene HPUL: PFP *penä | ||||||||
| *pesä 'nest' | *pesä | UEW: (U) *pesä HPUL: PU *pesä | ||||||||
| *pënə- 'to put' | - | *panë- | UEW: (U) *pane- HPUL: PU *pɨnɨ- | |||||||
| #pićlä ~ #pećrä 'rowan' | *pihla | UEW: (FU) *pićla HPUL: PFP *pićla | ||||||||
| *pilwə 'cloud' | *pilvi | UEW: (FU) *pilwe (*pilŋe) HPUL: PFU *pilwi | ||||||||
| *piŋə 'tooth' | *pii | UEW: (FU) *piŋe HPUL: PFU *piŋi UEW: (?U) *pije HPUL: – | ||||||||
| *pončə 'tail' | *pocka S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *pančɜ (*pončɜ) HPUL: PFU *ponči | ||||||||
| *poŋə 'bosom' | *povi | UEW: (FU) *poŋe, poŋe-sɜ HPUL: PFP *poŋi | ||||||||
| *porə- 'to bite' | *purë- | UEW: (U) *pure- HPUL: PU *porɨ- | ||||||||
| *pošə- 'to blow' | *puhu- | UEW: (U) *pušɜ- HPUL: PFU *pušå- | ||||||||
| *puća- 'to squeeze' | *pusërta- | UEW: (FU) *puńća-, *puća- HPUL: PFU *puśå- | ||||||||
| *pućka 'shit' | *paska | UEW: (FU) *pućka (*paćka) HPUL: – | ||||||||
| *puďa- 'to break' | *puto-da- | UEW: – HPUL: – see Aikio (2006) | ||||||||
| *puna 'hair' | *puna | UEW: (FU) *puna HPUL: PU *punå- | ||||||||
| *puna- 'to plait' | *puno- | UEW: (U) *puna- HPUL: PFU *pu/ånå | ||||||||
| *pura 'bore' | *pura(-s) | UEW: (U) *pura HPUL: PU *purå | ||||||||
| *purkə 'blizzard' | - | UEW: (FP ?U) *purkɜ HPUL: PFU *purki 'snow flurry' |
*s-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sala(-) 'to steal; hidden; thief' |
UEW: (U) *sala HPUL: PU *sålå- | |||||||||
| #sanśa- 'to stand' | UEW: (FU) *saŋća- HPUL: PFU *śånśå- | |||||||||
| *sälV- 'to load' | UEW: (U) *säle- (*sälke-) HPUL: PFU *sälä- | |||||||||
| *säppä 'gall' | UEW: (FU) *säppä HPUL: PFU *säppä | |||||||||
| *särä 'root, vein' | UEW: (FU) *särɜ HPUL: PFU *särä 'fibre' | |||||||||
| #sejV 'pus' | UEW: (U) *säje HPUL: PU *sexji 'matter' | |||||||||
| *sewə- 'to eat' | UEW: (FU) *sewe- (*seγe-) HPUL: PFU *sewi- | |||||||||
| *sënə 'vein, sinew' | UEW: (U) *se̮ne (*sōne) HPUL: PFU *sɨɨni | |||||||||
| *siwə 'year ring' | UEW: (U) *süje HPUL: PU *süxi | |||||||||
| #soŋə- 'to go thru' | UEW: (U) *soŋe- HPUL: PFU *sooŋi- | |||||||||
| *soskə- 'to chew' | UEW: (U) *soske- HPUL: PU *so/uskɨ- | |||||||||
| *sula(-) 'to melt; melted' | UEW: (FU) *sula HPUL: PFU *sulå- | |||||||||
| *suxə- 'to row' | UEW: (U) *suγe- HPUL: PU *suxɨ- | |||||||||
| *sülə 'fathom' | UEW: (FU ?U) *süle HPUL: PU *süli | |||||||||
| *sükəś(ə) 'autumn' | UEW: (FU) *sükśe HPUL: PFU *śükśi | |||||||||
| #sVja 'sleeve' | UEW: (U) *soja HPUL: PFU *sojå |
*ć-, *ś-
A distinction between *ć and *ś is not well established (Sammallahti 1988: 490–491, Zhivlov 2014: 114, Holopainen 2019: 24).
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ćappa- 'to hit' | *ćōppə- 'to cut' S U P L N I S K T |
- | … | … | … | … | … | - | - | UEW: (?FU) *ćappɜ- HPUL: PFU ?*ćåppi- |
| *ćäŋkə- 'to cut' | *ćēŋkəm 'bone shard' - - P L N I S K T |
*sänki - - - - F K V |
*śivə- Er - |
- | *ći/egi̮- U Z P J |
szeg | *sääŋk- S W E N |
*sä̆ŋk- V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *ćäŋkɜ-, *ćäŋkɜ- HPUL: PFU *śäŋki- |
| *śača- (*čača-) 'to be born' | - | *sato - - - - F K - |
*č/šačə- Er Mk |
*šåča- Hi Me |
*či̮/uži̮- … |
- | UEW: (U) *čačɜ-, *čančɜ- HPUL: PFP *čëčV-, *śëčV- 'grow' | |||
| *śalə 'intestine' | *ćoalē S U P L N I S K T |
*sooli S L E V F K V |
*śulə Er Mk |
*šol(ə) Hi Me |
*śul U Z P - |
? szál 'thread' |
- | *săL V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *śola HPUL: PFU ?śolå 'gut' |
| *śarwə (~ *śarpə) 'horn' | *ćoarvē S U P L N I S K T |
*sarvi S L E V F K V |
Er Mk |
*šur Hi Me |
*śur U Z P J |
szarv | ? *šaarpi 'bull elk' - W E N |
? *ćĕrpi 'bull elk' - - S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *śorwa HPUL: PFU *śorwå ← PII *ćarwa- |
| *śawə 'clay' | - | *sauvi S L E V F K V |
*śovəń Er Mk |
*šun Hi Me |
śun - Z - - |
- | *suwľ(ə) S W E N |
*səwi̮ V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *śawe HPUL: – UEW: (U) *śojwa HPUL: – |
| *śälä- 'to cut' | *säli- - - - - F K - |
UEW: (FU) *śälä- (*ćälä-) HPUL: PFU *śälä- | ||||||||
| *śänä 'polypore, tinder' | *seeni S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) śȣ̈ne HPUL: PFU *śe/änä 'fungus' | ||||||||
| *śečä 'uncle' | *setä - - E - F K - |
UEW: (U) *ćečä HPUL: PU *cecä | ||||||||
| *śepä 'neck' | *sepä ? L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *śepä HPUL: PFU *śepä | ||||||||
| #śewdäm 'heart' | *südän S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *śüδä, *śüδä-mɜ HPUL: PFU *śüdämi/*śedmi | ||||||||
| *śëlka 'pole' | *salko - - - - F K - |
UEW: (FU) *śalkɜ HPUL: PFU *śɨlkå | ||||||||
| *śëmə 'scale' | *soomë→ S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU ??U) *śe̮me (*śōme) HPUL: PFU *śɨɨmi 'skin (of fish)' | ||||||||
| *śëta 'hundred' | *sata S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *śata HPUL: PFU *śåtå ← PII *ćata- | ||||||||
| *śilmä 'eye' | *silmä S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *śilmä HPUL: PU *śilmä | ||||||||
| *śińśä 'inside; breasts' | *sicä S L E V F K V |
UEW: (?U) *śićä, *śińćä HPUL: PU *śünśi/ä | ||||||||
| *śodka 'goldeneye' | *sotka(-s) - - E - F K V |
UEW: (FU) *śoδka HPUL: PFU *śo/ɨdk/ďkå 'duck' | ||||||||
| *śojə(-) '(to) sound' | *soi- S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *śoje HPUL: – | ||||||||
| *śowə 'mouth' | *suu S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *śuwe HPUL: PU *śoxi | ||||||||
| *śüďə 'coal' | *süci S L E V F K - |
UEW: (U) *śüδ́e HPUL: PU *śüďi | ||||||||
| *śülkə 'spit' | *sülki S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *śüĺke HPUL: PFU *śülk/ďki |
*š-
Rare and not distinguished from *s- outside of Finnic / Mordvinic / Mari / Permic.
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *šarəwa 'dry; thin' | *soarvē 'dried pine' S U P L N I S K T |
*harva 'thin' S L E V F K V |
*č/šurə Er Mk |
- | - Z P - | - | - | … | *tïrå - - M N - - |
UEW: (U) *šorwa HPUL: – UEW: (U) *šorwa- HPUL: – |
| *šiŋərə 'mouse' | - | *hiiri S L E V F K V |
*č/šeŋəŕ Er Mk |
- | *ši̮r U Z P J |
egér | *täŋkər S W E N |
*ɬä̆ŋkər V S S N |
- | UEW: (FU) *šiŋe-re HPUL: PFU *šiŋiri |
*t-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *tarkə- 'to tremble' | *tarkë- - - E V F K - |
UEW: – HPUL: – see Aikio (2015) | ||||||||
| *te 'you (pl.)' | *tek S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *tȣ̈ HPUL: N/A | ||||||||
| *tekə- 'to do' | *teke- S L E V F V K |
UEW: (FU) *teke- HPUL: PFU *teki- | ||||||||
| *tinä 'thou' | *cinä S L E V F V K |
UEW: (U) *tȣ̈ HPUL: N/A | ||||||||
| *täjə, *tä-ktVmV 'louse' | *täi S L E V F V K |
UEW: (FU) *täje HPUL: PFU täji | ||||||||
| *tälwä 'winter' | *talvi S L E V F V K |
UEW: (FU) *tälwä HPUL: PFU *tälwä | ||||||||
| *täwdə 'full' | *täüci S L E V F V K |
UEW: (FU) *täwδe (*tälkɜ) HPUL: PFU *täwdä- 'fill' | ||||||||
| *totkə 'tench' | *totki - - E - F - - |
UEW: (U) *totke HPUL: PFU *totki | ||||||||
| *toxə- 'to bring' | *too- S L E V F V K |
UEW: (U) *toγe- HPUL: PFU *toxi- | ||||||||
| *tuďka 'prod' | *tutka→ S L E V F V K |
UEW: (FU) *tuδ́ka HPUL: PFU *tuďka | ||||||||
| *tulə 'fire' | *tuli S L E V F V K |
UEW: (U) *tule HPUL: PU *tulɨ | ||||||||
| *tulka 'feather' | *sulka S ? E V F V K |
UEW: (U) *tulka HPUL: PU *tuxlɨ- |
*w-
| Samic | Finnic | Mordvinic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *waja- 'to sink' | *vajo-da- S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *waja- HPUL: PFU *wåjå- | ||||||||
| *wajə 'fat, butter' | *voi S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *woje HPUL: PFU *wooji | ||||||||
| *walə- 'to be' | *olë- S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *wole- HPUL: PFU *wo/åli- | ||||||||
| *wanča- 'to go carefully' | - | UEW: (FU) *wanča- HPUL: PFU *wåncå- 'pass' | ||||||||
| *warə 'mountain' | *voori - - - - F K - |
UEW: (FU ?U) *we̮re (*wōre) HPUL: PFU *woori, *wårå | ||||||||
| *warə 'crow' | *varës S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *warɜ HPUL: – | ||||||||
| *wäkə 'people, power' | *väki S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU ??U) *wäke HPUL: PFU *wäki | ||||||||
| #wäśkä 'metal' | *vaski S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *waśke HPUL: PU *wäśkä | ||||||||
| #wedəm 'marrow' | *üdin - - E - F K - |
UEW: (FU) *wiδɜ (*wiδɜ-mɜ) HPUL: PFU *wü/ädi/ämi | ||||||||
| *werə 'blood' | *veri S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *wire HPUL: PFU *weri | ||||||||
| *wetə 'water' | *veci S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *wete HPUL: PU *weti | ||||||||
| *wëlka- 'to leave' | *valka-ma - L E - F K V |
UEW: (FU) *walka- HPUL: PFU *wɨlkå- 'descend' | ||||||||
| #wiča- 'to scrape' | *vito- - - - V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *wačɜ- HPUL: PFU *wicå- | ||||||||
| *wülä ~ *ilə 'up, over' | *üli S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU ?U) *wülä HPUL: PU *üli | ||||||||
| #wittə 'five' | *viici S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU ??U) *witte HPUL: PU *wit/tti | ||||||||
| #wäŋ(ə)wə 'son-in-law' | *vävü S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *wäŋe HPUL: PU *we/äŋiw | ||||||||
| *woča 'fish trap' | *ota, *ota-va S L E V F K V |
UEW: (U) *woča HPUL: PU *wocå | ||||||||
| *woďə 'new' | *uuci S L E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *wuδ́e HPUL: PFU *wuďi | ||||||||
| *wolka 'shoulder' | *olka S - E V F K V |
UEW: (FU) *wolka HPUL: PFU *wolkå |